Bioactive Composition and Antioxidant Characteristics of Calophyllum inophyllum Seed Flour: Potential Relevance for Functional Food Development

2026-06-22T13:24:55+00:00

Metabolic diseases such as obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and dyslipidemia are health challenges, with over one billion people affected by obesity and 589 million adults living with diabetes. This study evaluated the antioxidant activity, anthocyanin content, amino acid profile, proximate composition, and fatty acid (FFA) profile of Calophyllum inophyllum seed flour as a functional food ingredient. Seeds were collected from the Batam Botanical Garden, Indonesia, and processed by freeze-drying. Antioxidant activity was determined using the DPPH assay (IC₅₀), anthocyanin content was measured spectrophotometrically, and proximate composition, amino acid profile, and FFA composition were analyzed using standardized methods, including GC-FID. All analyses were performed in triplicate (n = 3), and results were expressed as mean ± standard deviation. The flour was predominantly composed of lipids (65.26 ± 0.13%), followed by carbohydrates (21.92 ± 0.10%) and proteins (8.39 ± 0.02%), with low moisture content (2.64 ± 0.03%). The DPPH assay yielded an IC₅₀ value of 13,362.04 ± 1.70 mg/L, indicating limited free radical scavenging activity, while anthocyanins were not detected. The amino acid profile was characterized by high glutamic acid content and the presence of essential amino acids, including leucine, valine, and lysine. The fatty acid profile was dominated by unsaturated fatty acids, particularly oleic and linoleic acids. These findings indicate that Calophyllum inophyllum seed flour contains nutritionally relevant amino acids and unsaturated fatty acids, supporting its potential relevance for functional food development. Further studies are required to characterize additional bioactive compounds and evaluate their biological activities in vivo.

Appraisal of the Immunization Management in Yogyakarta City, Indonesia: A Case Study

2026-06-22T13:44:24+00:00

In 2022, Complete Basic Immunization (CBI) coverage in Yogyakarta City exceeded the provincial target of 95%; however, one health center reported coverage below the city target of 93%, indicating potential challenges in immunization program management. This study aims to evaluate immunization management in Yogyakarta City by assessing input, process, and output components of program implementation. Method: This study employed a qualitative case study approach. Informants were selected using snowball sampling until data saturation was achieved, resulting in six participants from two health centers representing different levels of immunization coverage. Data were collected through in-depth interviews and direct observations, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed using content analysis. Result: Two major themes emerged from the findings. First, human resource capacity was identified as a key challenge, particularly limited compliance with immunization training requirements and insufficient workforce readiness to support service delivery. Second, weaknesses in monitoring practices were observed, as immunization coverage monitoring was implemented less frequently than required by regulations. Despite these operational barriers, both health centers achieved the city's immunization coverage target in 2023. Conclusion: High immunization coverage in Yogyakarta City reflects strong program performance; however, sustaining and improving coverage requires strengthening workforce competency and ensuring routine monitoring implementation. These findings suggest that maintaining immunization outcomes in urban settings depends not only on coverage achievement but also on continuous health system capacity development and program oversight.

Window of Health : Jurnal Kesehatan

Bioactive Composition and Antioxidant Characteristics of Calophyllum inophyllum Seed Flour: Potential Relevance for Functional Food Development

Appraisal of the Immunization Management in Yogyakarta City, Indonesia: A Case Study