Window of Health : Jurnal Kesehatan

The Effect of Birth History on Speech Delay in Toddlers

Ulfatul Latifah Iman — 2026-08-25

Speech delay is one of the most common developmental disorders among toddlers, Globally, speech and language delays affect approximately 5% to 12% of preschool-aged children, making communication disorders among the most prevalent neurodevelopmental concerns worldwide explicitly framed speech delay as a public health concern affecting long-term educational attainment and neurodevelopmentaffecting approximately 5–10% of preschool children in Indonesia, and it has the potential to negatively impact children’s intellectual functioning and social interaction. The high prevalence indicated by more than ten toddlers receiving speech therapy daily in services in Tegal and Brebes highlights the need to identify underrecognized risk factors, such as birth history. While prior work focuses on environmental and parenting factors, birth history variables (perinatal factors) remain understudied locally. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between birth history factors (gestational age, mode of delivery, birth weight, and maternal age at childbirth) and the occurrence of speech delay in toddlers. This quantitative analytic study employed a case control design (1:1 ratio) involving a total of 110 participants (55 cases and 55 controls), The inclusion criteria for mothers who had children aged 2–6 years with speech delay, whereas the control group were mothers who had children aged 2–6 years without speech delay, selected through purposive sampling at RSIA Permata Insani Brebes (cases) and KB Tabiyatul Khasanah (controls). Data were collected from June to August 2025. Birth history data were collected through interviews and questionnaires, adapted from a previously validated and reliable instrument, and data were analyzed using the chi-square test and multivariate logistic regression with the enter method. The results showed a significant association between gestational age (<37weeks or >40weeks) and speech delay (p=0.002;OR=3.586), cesarean section delivery (p=0.028;OR=2.260), and abnormal birth weight (<2500g or >4000g) (p=0.045;OR=2.286). However, no significant association was found between maternal age at childbirth (<20years or >35years) and the occurrence of speech delay (p=0.339). In conclusion, Birth history factors may assist clinicians in identifying toddlers at higher risk for speech delay and prioritizing developmental surveillance.

Integrated School-Based Intervention for Prevention and Control of Anemia among Pre-adolescent Girls Aged 10–12 Years

Adelgrit Trisia — 2026-10-08

Anemia remains a health problem in school-aged children, particularly pre-adolescent girls who face increased iron requirements during growth. This study aimed to evaluate changes in hemoglobin (Hb) concentration and anemia status following the implementation of a school-based integrated intervention package in girls aged 10–12 years. The study used a quasi-experimental pretest–posttest design with a control group involving 60 female students from two elementary schools in Central Kalimantan. Allocation was conducted at the school level, with one school as the intervention group and one school as the control group. The intervention package was delivered for 8 weeks and included health and nutrition education, promotion and monitoring of local food consumption sources of iron, Hb testing and follow-up, and monitored iron supplementation according to the study protocol, with parental involvement as a supporting strategy. Anemia status was determined based on the Hb threshold for the age group specified in the study protocol. The intervention group experienced a greater increase in Hb concentration than the control group (ΔHb +1.5 ± 0.6 vs +0.6 ± 0.5 g/dL; p<0.001) and showed a higher proportion of participants with non-anemic status after the intervention (76.7% vs 43.3%). The integrated school-based intervention package was associated with better improvements in Hb concentration and anemia status compared to routine school health services. The findings need to be interpreted considering the allocation at the school level and the involvement of only two schools.

The Contribution of Optometrists to Preventive Eye Health Care in Indonesia

Murni Marlina Simarmata — 2026-10-08

Optometrists have an important role in preventive eye health through refractive error screening, early detection, and community education. However, evidence regarding their contribution to preventive eye health care in Indonesia remains limited. This study aimed to examine the association between optometrists’ contributions and preventive eye health care in Indonesia. A cross-sectional quantitative study was conducted among 97 optometrists in Indonesia. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire and analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, and simple linear regression with SPSS version 20. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Most respondents were aged 31–45 years (55.7%), had a Diploma III qualification (74.2%), had 0–5 years of practice experience (47.4%), and worked in optical practices (72.2%). The highest positive responses concerned refractive error screening (87.5%) and community eye health education (86.5%). A strong positive association was found between optometrists’ contribution and preventive eye health care (r = 0.919, p < 0.001). Regression analysis showed a significant positive association (B = 0.963, β = 0.919, p < 0.001), with the model accounting for 84.5% of the variance in the measured preventive eye health care score. Optometrists’ contribution was strongly associated with preventive eye health care. Strengthening competencies, interprofessional collaboration, referral systems, and integration into primary and community eye-care services is recommended.

BMI-for-Age Z-Score, Waist-to-Height Ratio, and Physical Activity Across High School Grades in West Aceh

Fikri Faidul Jihad — 2026-10-08

Adolescent nutritional status and physical activity may vary across school grades, yet evidence integrating BMI-for-age z-score (BAZ), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), and physical activity among Indonesian senior high school students remains limited. This study aimed to compare BAZ, WHtR, and physical activity across Grades 10, 11, and 12 at SMA Negeri 3 Meulaboh, West Aceh, Indonesia. An analytical cross-sectional study included all 158 students in the defined population through complete enumeration. Physical activity was assessed using an adapted IPAQ-SF-derived seven-day recall and expressed as a study-specific score in MET-minutes/week. BAZ was calculated using WHO AnthroPlus according to the WHO 2007 Growth Reference, and WHtR was derived from waist circumference and height. Physical activity and WHtR were compared using Kruskal–Wallis tests with Bonferroni-adjusted Mann–Whitney U comparisons, while BAZ was analyzed using one-way ANOVA with Tukey HSD. Median physical activity scores were 2965, 1647.5, and 1127.5 MET-minutes/week in Grades 10, 11, and 12, respectively (H(2)=54.595, p<0.001, ε²=0.339), with all pairwise comparisons significant after correction. Median WHtR values were 0.528, 0.520, and 0.460, respectively (H(2)=44.445, p<0.001, ε²=0.274); Grade 12 differed from Grades 10 and 11, whereas Grades 10 and 11 did not differ after correction. Mean BAZ values were −0.136, −0.177, and −0.669, respectively (F(2,155)=3.163, p=0.045, η²=0.039), but no Tukey-adjusted pairwise comparison was significant. Physical activity showed the clearest between-grade pattern, WHtR differences were concentrated in Grade 12, and evidence for BAZ differences was weaker. These findings represent cross-sectional between-grade differences and should not be interpreted as developmental or causal effects of advancing school grade.

The Relationship Between Health Workers’ Perceptions of OSH and Compliance with OSH Protocols in Community Health Centers

Avita Amalina — 2026-10-09

Community health centers in Indonesia face high occupational risks as the frontline of health care. From January through May 2024, there were 162,327 reported cases of workplace accidents, while work-related illnesses were fewer but continue to rise. In Lumajang Regency, more than 50% of potential occupational safety and health hazards at the Sukodono Community Health Center are classified as high to very high risk, and at the Rogotrunan Community Health Center, patient safety incidents such as medical record errors and near misses involving needle sticks were identified. This study analyzed health workers’ perceptions of Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) knowledge, attitudes, and support, and their influence on compliance with OSH (Occupational Safety and Health) protocols in Lumajang Regency. A quantitative study with a cross-sectional design was conducted at the Sukodono and Rogotrunan Community Health Centers with 84 respondents using simple random sampling. The research instruments consisted of questionnaires and interviews. Univariate and bivariate analyses using the chi-square test showed no significant association between knowledge and compliance (p=0.501); however, there were significant associations between attitude (p=0.000) and institutional support (p=0.000) and compliance with the occupational safety and health (K3) protocol. These findings confirm that compliance is more strongly influenced by attitude and institutional support than by knowledge alone.

Determinant Factors Affecting Psychological Well-being of Pregnant Mothers

Lastri Mei Winarni — 2026-10-11

Globally, approximately 10–20% of pregnant women experience mental health disorders. In Indonesia, approximately 12.6% of pregnant women experience common mental disorders, making maternal psychological well-being an important public health concern. Although previous studies have examined individual psychosocial factors, comprehensive analyses integrating physical, psychological, and social determinants remain limited, particularly in Indonesian primary healthcare settings. Therefore, this study aims to identify the determinants of psychological well-being among pregnant mothers. This quantitative study with a cross-sectional design was conducted in 20 public health centers in Tangerang City from January to March 2023. A total of 196 pregnant mothers were selected using cluster random sampling. Data were collected using structured questionnaires, including validated instruments for eating behavior, domestic violence, perceived stress, and psychological well-being. Data analysis used multiple linear regression tests, ANOVA tests, and regression coefficients. Data were analyzed using multiple linear regression in SPSS version 26. Data were analyzed using multiple linear regression in SPSS version 26. Multiple linear regression showed that the model was statistically significant (F = 4.267, p < 0.001), explaining 21.9% of the variance in psychological well-being (R² = 0.219; adjusted R² = 0.167). Acceptance of pregnancy (B = 15.94, β = 0.233, 95% CI: 5.25–26.64, p = 0.004), domestic violence (B = -12.51, β = -0.230, 95% CI: -21.30 to -3.72, p = 0.006), and attitudes toward pregnancy care (B = 0.37, β = 0.167, 95% CI: 0.07–0.66, p = 0.016) were significantly associated with psychological well-being among pregnant women. These findings may inform future psychosocial interventions, although longitudinal studies are required to establish causal relationships.