Survival Analysis and Risk Factors for COVID-19 Patients at Koja Hospital
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic impacts global health, and no specific drug has proven effective in curing SARS-CoV-2 infection. This study aimed to analyze the survival characteristics of COVID-19 patients in Koja Hospital. This research method is analytically observational with a cross-sectional design. The study population was 1080, and the research sample was 284 patients. The sampling used a purposive sampling method with a retrospective approach from the medical records of confirmed COVID-19 inpatients from May to October 2020. The analysis uses SPSS software version 26. Categorical variables were analyzed using the chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test. Kaplan Meier, Log Rank, and Cox Regression were used for the probability of survival analysis and mortality risk ratio in COVID-19 patients. The case fatality rate (CFR) of 284 COVID-19 patients was 20.4%. The mean age of the patients was 49 years (IQR 37–57). The most common comorbidity was hypertension, 34%. The average probability of survival of COVID-19 patients was above 60%. In addition to gender, predictors including age, comorbidities, type of intensive care, and use of antivirals had significant differences and affected the chances of survival of COVID-19 patients. Patients given oseltamivir monotherapy had the highest survival rate of about 80% after undergoing treatment for about 38 days (p equal 0.000). The mortality risk ratio of COVID-19 patients with comorbid diabetes mellitus was 8.7 times higher than that of those without comorbidities (95% CI 1,02–75.82, p less than 0.048). Patients with intensive care had an 11.43 times increased mortality risk ratio compared to usual care (95% CI 6,34–20,62, p less than 0.000). The conclusion of this study is intensive care and a history of diabetes mellitus are associated with the risk of death. There needs to be an increase in COVID-19 control measures, especially in populations prone to comorbid diabetes with severe and critical degrees.
References
Rothan HA, Byrareddy SN. The epidemiology and pathogenesis of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak. J Autoimmun. 2020;109(2):102433. doi:10.1016/j.jaut.2020.102433
WHO. Novel Coronavirus (2019-NCoV) Situation Report - 1.; 2020.
Gabutti G, D’Anchera E, Sandri F, Savio M, Stefanati A. Coronavirus: Update related to the current outbreak of COVID-19. Infect Dis Ther. 2020;9(2):241-253. doi:10.1007/s40121-020-00295-5
Ahmad A, Mast MR, Nijpels G, Elders PJM, Dekker JM, Hugtenburg JG. Identification of drug related problems of elderly patients discharged from hospital. Patient Prefer Adherence. 2014;8:155-165. doi:10.2147/PPA.S48357
Zheng Z, Peng F, Xu B, et al. Risk factors of critical & mortal COVID-19 cases: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis. Journal of Infection. 2020;81(2):e16-e25. doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2020.04.021
Zhou F, Yu T, Du R, et al. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. The Lancet. 2020;395(10229):1054-1062. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30566-3
Liu B, Spokes P, He W, Kaldor J. High risk groups for severe COVID-19 in a whole of population cohort in Australia. BMC Infect Dis. 2021;21(1):1-9. doi:10.1186/s12879-021-06378-z
Yang J, Zheng Y, Gou X, Pu K, Chen Z. Prevalence of comorbidities and its effects in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2: a systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2020;94:91-95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arteri.2020.10.001
Satria RMA, Tutupoho RV, Chalidyanto D. Analisis faktor risiko kematian dengan penyakit komorbid COVID-19. Jurnal Keperawatan Silampari. 2020;4(1):48-55.
Linasari D. Survival analysis of COVID-19 patients from two hospitals in Cimahi, Indonesia. Atlantis Press International. 2021;37:166-171.
NIH. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Treatment Guidelines. Vol 2020. National Institutes of Health; 2020. Accessed June 24, 2020. https://www.covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov/
Burhan E. Protokol Tatalaksana COVID-19. Vol 2. Edisi Dua. PDPI; 2020.
Afriani A, Ermayanti S, Medison I, et al. Survival of COVID-19 patients who received antiviral and antiviral therapy combined with anti-inflammation therapy in a national referral hospital, Indonesia. Open Access Maced J Med Sci. 2022;10:240-244. doi:10.3889/oamjms.2022.8328
WHO. Report of the WHO-China Joint Mission on Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Vol 1.; 2020. https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/who-china-joint-mission-on-covid-19-final-report.pdf
Dessie ZG, Zewotir T. Mortality-related risk factors of COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 42 studies and 423,117 patients. BMC Infect Dis. 2021;21(1). doi:10.1186/s12879-021-06536-3
Liu B, Spokes P, He W, Kaldor J. High risk groups for severe COVID-19 in a whole of population cohort in Australia. BMC Infect Dis. 2021;21(1):1-9. doi:10.1186/s12879-021-06378-z
Gayatri D. Mengenal analisis ketahanan (survival analysis). Jurnal Keperawatan Indonesia. 2014;9(1):36-40. doi:10.7454/jki.v9i1.158
Neumann-Podczaska A, Chojnicki M, Karbowski LM, et al. Clinical characteristics and survival analysis in a small sample of older COVID-19 patients with defined 60-day outcome. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(22):1-12. doi:10.3390/ijerph17228362
Dahlan S. Analisis Survival : Dasar-Dasar Teori & Aplikasi Dengan Program SPSS. 1st ed. Sagung Seto; 2012.
Thai PQ, Toan DTT, Dinh TS, et al. Factors associated with the duration of hospitalization among COVID-19 patients in Vietnam: A survival analysis. Epidemiol Infect. Published online 2020. doi:10.1017/S0950268820001259
Made Maharianingsih N, Ketut Sudirta I, Putu N, et al. Karakteristik pasien dan penggunaan obat pada pasien Covid-19 derajat sedang-berat di RSUD Karangasem. Indonesian Journal of Pharmaceutical Education (e-Journal). 2022;2(2):86-94. doi:10.37311/ijpe.v2i2.13958
Lestari I, Yurina V, Lyrawati D. Length of hospital stay and oseltamivir in mild or moderate degree COVID-19 patients in North Sumatra, Indonesia. J Pharm Res Int. 2022;(February):71-76. doi:10.9734/jpri/2022/v34i13b35582
Ramatillah DL, Isnaini S. Treatment profiles and clinical outcomes of COVID-19 patients at private hospital in Jakarta. PLoS One. 2021;16(4 April):1-11. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0250147
Wang ZJSJ. Survival analysis of hospital length of stay of novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pneumonia patients in Sichuan, China. medRxiv. Published online 2020.
Abdu S, Saranga’ JL, Dangeubun DJ, Sari DN. Analisis Faktor Determinan Perilaku Pencegahan Covid-19 Di Kelurahan Kapasa Makassar. Jurnal Keperawatan Florence Nightingale. 2021;4(2):59-67. doi:10.52774/jkfn.v4i2.71
Dwiyanti Simatupang M, Made Arcana I. Risiko Kematian Pasien COVID-19 Dan Faktor Yang Memengaruhinya.; 2020.
Dessie ZG, Zewotir T. Mortality-related risk factors of COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 42 studies and 423,117 patients. BMC Infect Dis. 2021;21(1). doi:10.1186/s12879-021-06536-3
Li X, Geng M, Peng Y, Meng L, Lu S. Molecular immune pathogenesis and diagnosis of COVID-19. J Pharm Anal. 2020;10(2):102-108. doi:10.1016/j.jpha.2020.03.001
Liu J, Zhang S, Wu Z, et al. Clinical outcomes of COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a large cohort study. Ann Intensive Care. 2020;10(1). doi:10.1186/s13613-020-00706-3
Yang X, et al. Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with COVID19 in Wuhan China. Lancet Respir Med. 2020;8(5):475-481.
Desai A, Caltagirone G, Sari S, et al. The use of antiviral agents against sars-cov-2: Ineffective or time and age dependent result? a retrospective, observational study among covid-19 older adults. J Clin Med. 2021;10(4):1-11. doi:10.3390/jcm10040686
Copyright (c) 2024 Kemal Pradana Putra, Dian Ratih L, Hesty Utami R, Rita Novariani, Natasja R Kandou
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
